{"id":3015,"date":"2020-07-11T06:55:35","date_gmt":"2020-07-11T06:55:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kofe.hu\/parola\/?p=3015"},"modified":"2020-07-30T12:57:18","modified_gmt":"2020-07-30T12:57:18","slug":"national-statictics-a-tarsadalmi-toke-merese-nagy-britanniaban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kofe.hu\/parola\/parola-folyoirat\/national-statictics-a-tarsadalmi-toke-merese-nagy-britanniaban\/","title":{"rendered":"National Statictics – A t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke m\u00e9r\u00e9se Nagy-Britanni\u00e1ban"},"content":{"rendered":"

R\u00e9szletek abb\u00f3l az \u00edr\u00e1sb\u00f3l, amely a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra \u00e9s m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re Nagy-Britanni\u00e1ban alkalmazott megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st taglalja. A Nemzeti Statisztikai Hivatalon (Office for National Statictics – ONS) bel\u00fcl, 2001 j\u00falius\u00e1ban l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt egy team a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151k\u00e9vel kapcsolatos munka \u00f6sszes aspektus\u00e1nak ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

H\u00e1l\u00f3zatok<\/span><\/i><\/b>
\nA form\u00e1lis \u00e9s inform\u00e1lis h\u00e1l\u00f3zatok k\u00f6zponti helyet foglalnak el a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke fogalmi meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ban. Olyan szem\u00e9lyes kapcsolatokk\u00e9nt hat\u00e1rozz\u00e1k meg \u0151ket, amelyek halmoz\u00f3dnak, amikor az emberek k\u00f6lcs\u00f6nhat\u00e1sba l\u00e9pnek egym\u00e1ssal a csal\u00e1dban, a munkahelyen, a lak\u00f3helyen, a helyi egyes\u00fcletekben \u00e9s egy sor form\u00e1lis \u00e9s inform\u00e1lis tal\u00e1lkoz\u00f3helyen (Ausztr\u00e1l Statisztikai Hivatal \/ABS\/ 2000).<\/span><\/p>\n

A h\u00e1l\u00f3zatokat \u00fajabban \u00fajrakategoriz\u00e1lt\u00e1k, hogy k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9get tegyenek a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 t\u00edpusai k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Ezek a h\u00e1l\u00f3zatok a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k:<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0<\/span>\u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke<\/span><\/i>\u00a0– er\u0151s k\u00f6t\u0151d\u00e9sek jellemzik, pl. a csal\u00e1dtagok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, vagy egy etnikai kisebbs\u00e9g tagjai k\u00f6z\u00f6tt; a \u201emeg\u00e9l\u00e9shez\u201d j\u00f3<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0<\/span>\u00e1thidal\u00f3<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke<\/span><\/i>\u00a0– gyeng\u00e9bb, kev\u00e9sb\u00e9 s\u0171r\u0171 de \u00e1tt\u00f6r\u0151 jelleg\u0171 k\u00f6t\u0151d\u00e9sek jellemzik, pl. \u00fczleti partnerek, ismer\u0151s\u00f6k, k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 etnikai csoportokhoz tartoz\u00f3 bar\u00e1tok, a bar\u00e1tok bar\u00e1tai stb. k\u00f6z\u00f6tt; az \u201eel\u0151rejut\u00e1shoz\u201d j\u00f3<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0<\/span>\u00f6sszekapcsol\u00f3<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke<\/span><\/i>\u00a0– az olyan hierarchi\u00e1kon bel\u00fcli kapcsolatok jellemzik, amelyeken bel\u00fcl a hatalomnak t\u00f6bb szintje l\u00e9tezik. Abban k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zik az \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u00e9st\u0151l \u00e9s az \u00e1thidal\u00e1st\u00f3l, hogy olyan emberek k\u00f6zti kapcsolatokat jel\u00f6l, akik k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 alapokkal rendelkeznek. P\u00e9lda lehet egy t\u00e1rsadalmi szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3 int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny, aki egy egy\u00e9nnel foglalkozik, pl. munkakeres\u00e9s a munka\u00fcgyi k\u00f6zponton kereszt\u00fcl.<\/span><\/p>\n

Az \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151 \u00e9s az \u00e1thidal\u00f3 t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke k\u00f6z\u00f6tti megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6ztet\u00e9s az\u00e9rt fontos, mert a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke hat\u00e1sa f\u00fcgg att\u00f3l a form\u00e1t\u00f3l, amelyet adott k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6zt felvesz. Gyermekkorban \u00e9s id\u0151s korban p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151 t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke fontosabb az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l, a munk\u00e1t keres\u0151k szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l pedig az \u00e1thidal\u00f3 t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke a fontosabb (PIU, 2002). Azt is fontos megjegyezni, hogy az er\u0151s \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151 t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke szolg\u00e1lhatja a kirekeszt\u00e9st is, ezt gyakran a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke egyik \u201erossz oldalak\u00e9nt\u201d emlegetik. Az \u00e9szak-belfasti k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9geken bel\u00fcl vagy az \u00e9szaki ipari v\u00e1rosokban, ahol 2001-ben felkel\u00e9sek t\u00f6rtek ki, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul er\u0151s lehet az \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151 t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke, \u00e1m az \u00e1thidal\u00f3 t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke gyenge\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Keretrendszer, dimenzi\u00f3k\u00a0<\/span><\/b>a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos elemz\u00e9s\u00e9nek el\u0151seg\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re<\/span>
\nT\u00e1rsadalmi r\u00e9szv\u00e9tel<\/span><\/i>. Egyik r\u00e9sze a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke forr\u00e1sainak m\u00e9r\u00e9se, pl. a klubokban, templomokban, szervezetekben stb. l\u00e9trej\u00f6v\u0151 tal\u00e1lkoz\u00e1sok sor\u00e1n sz\u00fclet\u0151, szem\u00e9lyes kapcsolatokat, k\u00f6lcs\u00f6nhat\u00e1sokat jelz\u0151 mutat\u00f3k. Egy m\u00e1sik elem a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke eredm\u00e9nyeinek m\u00e9r\u00e9se. Az \u00f6nk\u00e9ntes munka p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul fontos jelz\u0151je az emberek abb\u00e9li hajland\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1nak, hogy m\u00e1sok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra hasznos tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9get v\u00e9gezzenek.<\/span><\/p>\n

A t\u00e1rsadalmi h\u00e1l\u00f3zatokat \u00e9s a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st\u00a0<\/span><\/i>a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke l\u00e9nyeges forr\u00e1sainak tekintik, minthogy az emberek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti cser\u00e9k sz\u00e1ma, t\u00edpusa \u00e9s a kialakul\u00f3 k\u00f6z\u00f6s identit\u00e1sok kihat\u00e1ssal lehetnek arra, hogy mennyi t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st \u00e9lvez az egy\u00e9n, s r\u00e1ad\u00e1sul a seg\u00edts\u00e9g m\u00e1s forr\u00e1saihoz is hozz\u00e1juttathatja.<\/span><\/p>\n

A k\u00f6lcs\u00f6n\u00f6ss\u00e9g \u00e9s a bizalom<\/span><\/i>\u00a0a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke k\u00f6zponti elemeit k\u00e9pezik. A bizalmat a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151k\u00e9vel szoros kapcsolatban \u00e1ll\u00f3 dolognak tekintik vagy annak k\u00f6zvetlen r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt, vagy pedig annak eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9nt. A k\u00f6lcs\u00f6n\u00f6ss\u00e9g az emberek k\u00f6lcs\u00f6n\u00f6s haszon\u00e9rt val\u00f3 egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9si hajland\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1t m\u00e9ri, \u00e9s ugyancsak a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke k\u00f6zponti elem\u00e9t k\u00e9pezi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Az \u00e1llampolg\u00e1ri r\u00e9szv\u00e9tel\u00a0<\/span><\/i>a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9t foglalja mag\u00e1ba: helyi \u00fcgyekben val\u00f3 egy\u00e9ni r\u00e9szv\u00e9tel \u00e9s a helyi \u00fcgyek befoly\u00e1sol\u00e1s\u00e1ra val\u00f3 k\u00e9pess\u00e9g \u00e9rz\u00e9kel\u00e9se, valamint a civil int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyekbe vetett bizalom.<\/span><\/p>\n

A helyi k\u00f6rnyezet pozit\u00edv \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9se<\/span><\/i>\u00a0j\u00f3 jelz\u00e9s lehet arra vonatkoz\u00f3an, hogy mit gondolnak a boldog, biztons\u00e1gban l\u00e9v\u0151 emberek arr\u00f3l a k\u00f6rnyezetr\u0151l, amelyben \u00e9lnek. Ahogy azt Green\u00a0<\/span>et al\u00a0<\/span><\/i>(2000) al\u00e1h\u00fazza, a helyi k\u00f6rnyezetr\u0151l feltett k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekre az emberek \u00e1ltal adott v\u00e1laszok r\u00e9szben f\u00fcggenek saj\u00e1t szem\u00e9lyes k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyeikt\u0151l is – pl. a ter\u00fcleten bel\u00fcli szem\u00e9lyes kapcsolatok m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9t\u0151l \u00e9s milyens\u00e9g\u00e9t\u0151l. T\u00fckr\u00f6zik azonban a lak\u00f3hely hat\u00e1sait is, s ennek n\u00e9h\u00e1ny aspektus\u00e1t a ter\u00fclet t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151k\u00e9j\u00e9nek szintje is befoly\u00e1solja…<\/span><\/p>\n

Az angol Bel\u00fcgyminiszt\u00e9rium \u201e\u00c1llampolg\u00e1ri felm\u00e9r\u00e9s\u201d (Citizenship Survey) keret\u00e9ben 2001-ben egy 15475 f\u0151s reprezentat\u00edv mint\u00e1n m\u00e9rte fel a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151k\u00e9t, \u00e9s m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9t ezent\u00fal k\u00e9t\u00e9vente megism\u00e9tli.<\/span><\/b>
\n\u201e(Az \u00e1llampolg\u00e1ri felm\u00e9r\u00e9s) els\u0151sorban bizony\u00edt\u00e1si alapk\u00e9nt fog szolg\u00e1lni a Bel\u00fcgyminiszt\u00e9rium k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gi (telep\u00fcl\u00e9si) ir\u00e1nyelveihez, amelyek a t\u00e1rsadalmi koh\u00e9zi\u00f3 \u00e9s a civil meg\u00fajul\u00e1s k\u00e9rd\u00e9seit c\u00e9lozz\u00e1k meg. M\u00e1sodsorban: viszony\u00edt\u00e1si \u00e9rt\u00e9ket fog ny\u00fajtani a Bel\u00fcgyminiszt\u00e9rium c\u00e9lcsoportokkal kapcsolatos teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9nek felbecs\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9hez – az Akt\u00edv K\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gek Napirendje (Active Communities Agenda) eset\u00e9ben a c\u00e9l ugr\u00e1sszer\u0171 fejl\u0151d\u00e9s el\u00e9r\u00e9se 2004-re, azaz egy milli\u00f3val t\u00f6bb ember akt\u00edv bevon\u00e1sa saj\u00e1t k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9geikbe. Harmadsorban pedig: a felm\u00e9r\u00e9s nagym\u00e9rt\u00e9kben hozz\u00e1 fog j\u00e1rulni a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke k\u00f6r\u00fcl zajl\u00f3 vil\u00e1gm\u00e9ret\u0171v\u00e9 v\u00e1l\u00f3 vit\u00e1hoz, amelyet \u00fagy hat\u00e1roznak meg, mint t\u00e1rsadalmi h\u00e1l\u00f3zatokat, a viszonoss\u00e1g norm\u00e1it \u00e9s a bel\u0151l\u00fck keletkez\u0151 bizalmat.\u201d (Active Communities: Initial Findings from the 2001 Home Office Citizenship Survey, p. 1.)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

R\u00e9szletek abb\u00f3l az \u00edr\u00e1sb\u00f3l, amely a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra \u00e9s m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re Nagy-Britanni\u00e1ban alkalmazott megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st taglalja. A Nemzeti Statisztikai Hivatalon (Office for National Statictics – ONS) bel\u00fcl, 2001 j\u00falius\u00e1ban l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt egy team a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151k\u00e9vel kapcsolatos munka \u00f6sszes aspektus\u00e1nak ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra. H\u00e1l\u00f3zatok A form\u00e1lis \u00e9s inform\u00e1lis h\u00e1l\u00f3zatok k\u00f6zponti helyet foglalnak el a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke fogalmi meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ban. Olyan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3416,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[508,8,7],"tags":[],"coauthors":[47],"class_list":["post-3015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-parola-2004-3","category-parola-folyoirat","category-repertorium"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNational Statictics - A t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke m\u00e9r\u00e9se Nagy-Britanni\u00e1ban - Parola Foly\u00f3irat<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kofe.hu\/parola\/parola-folyoirat\/national-statictics-a-tarsadalmi-toke-merese-nagy-britanniaban\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"National Statictics - A t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke m\u00e9r\u00e9se Nagy-Britanni\u00e1ban - Parola Foly\u00f3irat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"R\u00e9szletek abb\u00f3l az \u00edr\u00e1sb\u00f3l, amely a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra \u00e9s m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re Nagy-Britanni\u00e1ban alkalmazott megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st taglalja. A Nemzeti Statisztikai Hivatalon (Office for National Statictics – ONS) bel\u00fcl, 2001 j\u00falius\u00e1ban l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt egy team a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151k\u00e9vel kapcsolatos munka \u00f6sszes aspektus\u00e1nak ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra. H\u00e1l\u00f3zatok A form\u00e1lis \u00e9s inform\u00e1lis h\u00e1l\u00f3zatok k\u00f6zponti helyet foglalnak el a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke fogalmi meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ban. 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A Nemzeti Statisztikai Hivatalon (Office for National Statictics – ONS) bel\u00fcl, 2001 j\u00falius\u00e1ban l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt egy team a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151k\u00e9vel kapcsolatos munka \u00f6sszes aspektus\u00e1nak ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra. H\u00e1l\u00f3zatok A form\u00e1lis \u00e9s inform\u00e1lis h\u00e1l\u00f3zatok k\u00f6zponti helyet foglalnak el a t\u00e1rsadalmi t\u0151ke fogalmi meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ban. 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